{
  "title": "Were later-retracted papers accepted faster?",
  "edition": "2026-10",
  "version": "2026.10.02-retraction-speed-v1",
  "published": "2026-10-07",
  "planDate": "2026-10-02",
  "question": "Within the same journal (NLM ID) and publication year, were later-retracted research articles accepted faster (PubMed received->accepted) than non-retracted ones?",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "scope": "Aggregates only. Publisher, publication-year, retraction-reason and sensitivity groups with at least 30 retracted papers. No paper, author, editor or journal is listed.",
  "primary": {
    "retracted": 20471,
    "comparisonPapers": 150703,
    "journals": 1790,
    "medianDifferenceDays": -12.5,
    "medianDifferenceCi95": [
      -17.5,
      -8.5
    ],
    "shareFasterPct": 61.5,
    "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
      60.9,
      62.2
    ],
    "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
      57.9,
      65.1
    ],
    "decision": "Faster",
    "medianRatio": 0.833,
    "medianRatioCi95": [
      0.772,
      0.889
    ],
    "strata": 4340,
    "medianRetractedIntervalDays": 69,
    "medianComparisonIntervalDays": 104.5,
    "ties": 147
  },
  "weighting": {
    "journalWeighted": {
      "journals": 1790,
      "medianOfJournalMediansDays": -1.5,
      "ci95": [
        -3.0,
        0.0
      ],
      "journalsFaster": 925,
      "journalsSlower": 848
    },
    "journalYearWeighted": {
      "journalYears": 4340,
      "medianOfJournalYearMediansDays": -2.0,
      "ci95": [
        -3.5,
        -0.5
      ]
    }
  },
  "flow": {
    "retractedRecordsInPubMed": 30172,
    "retractedEligible": 20483,
    "retractedPaired": 20471,
    "retractedMissingDates": 4451,
    "retractedNotResearchType": 2854,
    "retractionWatchMatched": 17230,
    "comparisonPapersDrawn": 150703,
    "comparisonPapersExamined": 182006
  },
  "byReason": [
    {
      "group": "Peer-review manipulation",
      "retracted": 3626,
      "comparisonPapers": 48398,
      "journals": 137,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -27.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -41.0,
        -18.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 79.2,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        77.9,
        80.5
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        71.7,
        86.4
      ],
      "decision": "Faster"
    },
    {
      "group": "Paper mill",
      "retracted": 5921,
      "comparisonPapers": 74409,
      "journals": 173,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -18.5,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -31.0,
        -11.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 70.5,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        69.4,
        71.7
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        63.6,
        76.6
      ],
      "decision": "Faster"
    },
    {
      "group": "Other or unspecified",
      "retracted": 3934,
      "comparisonPapers": 113052,
      "journals": 1025,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -4.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -8.0,
        -1.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 53.7,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        52.2,
        55.3
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        51.0,
        56.8
      ],
      "decision": "Faster"
    },
    {
      "group": "Plagiarism or duplication",
      "retracted": 798,
      "comparisonPapers": 49709,
      "journals": 457,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -1.5,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -5.5,
        2.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 51.4,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        47.9,
        54.8
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        47.8,
        55.0
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "Data or image problems",
      "retracted": 5732,
      "comparisonPapers": 110912,
      "journals": 946,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 1.5,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -0.5,
        3.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 48.7,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        47.4,
        50.0
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        47.2,
        50.2
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "Honest error",
      "retracted": 460,
      "comparisonPapers": 32529,
      "journals": 314,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -1.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -7.0,
        4.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 50.7,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        46.1,
        55.2
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        46.0,
        55.2
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    }
  ],
  "byYear": [
    {
      "group": "2012",
      "retracted": 398,
      "comparisonPapers": 3978,
      "journals": 223,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -4.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -9.0,
        0.75
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 53.8,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        48.9,
        58.6
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        48.8,
        58.8
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "2013",
      "retracted": 574,
      "comparisonPapers": 5660,
      "journals": 223,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -6.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -11.0,
        -1.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 55.4,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        51.3,
        59.4
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        51.4,
        59.9
      ],
      "decision": "Faster"
    },
    {
      "group": "2014",
      "retracted": 716,
      "comparisonPapers": 7120,
      "journals": 267,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -4.5,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -11.75,
        1.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 54.7,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        51.1,
        58.4
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        48.6,
        62.1
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "2015",
      "retracted": 823,
      "comparisonPapers": 8033,
      "journals": 303,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -2.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -10.0,
        1.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 52.0,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        48.6,
        55.4
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        46.9,
        57.3
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "2016",
      "retracted": 775,
      "comparisonPapers": 7746,
      "journals": 302,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -4.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -9.5,
        0.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 54.2,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        50.7,
        57.7
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        49.2,
        59.2
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "2017",
      "retracted": 980,
      "comparisonPapers": 9629,
      "journals": 300,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 0.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -4.0,
        5.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 49.4,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        46.3,
        52.5
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        45.4,
        53.4
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "2018",
      "retracted": 1213,
      "comparisonPapers": 11695,
      "journals": 328,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 0.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -5.0,
        5.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 49.6,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        46.8,
        52.4
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        45.9,
        54.2
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "2019",
      "retracted": 1520,
      "comparisonPapers": 14838,
      "journals": 395,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 3.25,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -1.0,
        6.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 47.1,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        44.6,
        49.6
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        43.9,
        50.4
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "2020",
      "retracted": 1791,
      "comparisonPapers": 17484,
      "journals": 424,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -5.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -11.5,
        0.756249999999909
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 53.5,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        51.2,
        55.8
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        48.7,
        58.7
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "2021",
      "retracted": 2791,
      "comparisonPapers": 19275,
      "journals": 481,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -17.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -32.5,
        -7.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 64.5,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        62.7,
        66.3
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        56.0,
        70.6
      ],
      "decision": "Faster"
    },
    {
      "group": "2022",
      "retracted": 6062,
      "comparisonPapers": 21062,
      "journals": 429,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -18.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -37.01249999999999,
        -10.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 72.8,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        71.7,
        73.9
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        63.8,
        81.7
      ],
      "decision": "Faster"
    },
    {
      "group": "2023",
      "retracted": 1393,
      "comparisonPapers": 12832,
      "journals": 334,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -19.5,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -30.0,
        -8.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 64.6,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        62.1,
        67.1
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        57.4,
        71.0
      ],
      "decision": "Faster"
    },
    {
      "group": "2024",
      "retracted": 1435,
      "comparisonPapers": 11351,
      "journals": 331,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -22.5,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -34.0,
        -6.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 66.3,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        63.8,
        68.7
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        53.6,
        79.3
      ],
      "decision": "Faster"
    }
  ],
  "byPublisher": [
    {
      "group": "Hindawi Limited",
      "retracted": 6822,
      "comparisonPapers": 19707,
      "journals": 84,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -20.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -38.0,
        -13.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 76.0,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        75.0,
        77.0
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        67.7,
        84.4
      ],
      "decision": "Faster"
    },
    {
      "group": "Elsevier BV",
      "retracted": 3173,
      "comparisonPapers": 31418,
      "journals": 479,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -3.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -7.0,
        0.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 52.6,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        50.9,
        54.3
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        49.7,
        56.0
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
      "retracted": 3056,
      "comparisonPapers": 30314,
      "journals": 408,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -9.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -15.0,
        -4.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 56.6,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        54.8,
        58.3
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        53.2,
        59.9
      ],
      "decision": "Faster"
    },
    {
      "group": "Wiley",
      "retracted": 1775,
      "comparisonPapers": 13681,
      "journals": 219,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -16.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -30.756249999999994,
        1.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 60.5,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        58.2,
        62.7
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        49.3,
        72.0
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "Public Library of Science (PLoS)",
      "retracted": 1242,
      "comparisonPapers": 12420,
      "journals": 8,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -30.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -51.5,
        -10.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 65.5,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        62.8,
        68.1
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        56.2,
        74.0
      ],
      "decision": "Faster"
    },
    {
      "group": "Spandidos Publications",
      "retracted": 1050,
      "comparisonPapers": 10500,
      "journals": 7,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 3.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        0.0,
        6.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 46.6,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        43.6,
        49.6
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        43.4,
        49.7
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "Frontiers Media SA",
      "retracted": 561,
      "comparisonPapers": 5610,
      "journals": 38,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -3.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -12.5,
        7.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 51.9,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        47.7,
        56.0
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        44.5,
        59.6
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "Informa UK Limited",
      "retracted": 437,
      "comparisonPapers": 4197,
      "journals": 33,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 5.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -5.0,
        9.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 44.9,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        40.3,
        49.5
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        40.3,
        53.4
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "MDPI AG",
      "retracted": 426,
      "comparisonPapers": 4260,
      "journals": 53,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 0.5,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -1.0,
        2.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 46.5,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        41.8,
        51.2
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        41.7,
        51.5
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "Portland Press Ltd.",
      "retracted": 251,
      "comparisonPapers": 2034,
      "journals": 3,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -2,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -10.0,
        10.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 51.8,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        45.6,
        57.9
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        45.0,
        58.5
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "Impact Journals, LLC",
      "retracted": 197,
      "comparisonPapers": 1970,
      "journals": 2,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -6.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -16.0,
        0.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 54.8,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        47.8,
        61.6
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        49.6,
        64.2
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)",
      "retracted": 195,
      "comparisonPapers": 1950,
      "journals": 4,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 3.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -3.0,
        7.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 43.1,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        36.3,
        50.1
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        36.5,
        52.7
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "S. Karger AG",
      "retracted": 179,
      "comparisonPapers": 1771,
      "journals": 27,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 24.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -18.0,
        35.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 37.4,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        30.7,
        44.7
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        28.2,
        55.4
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "Publisher not identified",
      "retracted": 106,
      "comparisonPapers": 1043,
      "journals": 20,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 3.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -3.0,
        9.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 45.3,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        36.1,
        54.8
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        37.0,
        52.6
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "Oxford University Press (OUP)",
      "retracted": 90,
      "comparisonPapers": 894,
      "journals": 54,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -5.75,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -14.5,
        15.75
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 51.1,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        41.0,
        61.2
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        40.5,
        62.1
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
      "retracted": 85,
      "comparisonPapers": 850,
      "journals": 3,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 1.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -6.0,
        10.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 49.4,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        39.0,
        59.8
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        39.4,
        55.3
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "SAGE Publications",
      "retracted": 65,
      "comparisonPapers": 643,
      "journals": 24,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 1.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -42.5,
        25.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 49.2,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        37.5,
        61.1
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        34.1,
        65.1
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.",
      "retracted": 39,
      "comparisonPapers": 264,
      "journals": 15,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 0.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -16.5,
        8.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 41.0,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        27.1,
        56.6
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        24.2,
        71.4
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "FapUNIFESP (SciELO)",
      "retracted": 37,
      "comparisonPapers": 370,
      "journals": 11,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -1.5,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -27.75,
        7.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 51.4,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        35.9,
        66.6
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        35.7,
        73.9
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "Walter de Gruyter GmbH",
      "retracted": 36,
      "comparisonPapers": 351,
      "journals": 11,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -24.75,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -39.5,
        2.25
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 63.9,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        47.6,
        77.5
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        50.0,
        75.7
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "e-Century Publishing Corporation",
      "retracted": 36,
      "comparisonPapers": 360,
      "journals": 1,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 2.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -1.0,
        5.0
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 44.4,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        29.5,
        60.4
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        27.8,
        55.0
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "AME Publishing Company",
      "retracted": 34,
      "comparisonPapers": 340,
      "journals": 7,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -11.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -28.5,
        0.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 70.6,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        53.8,
        83.2
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        48.1,
        84.0
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    },
    {
      "group": "American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)",
      "retracted": 31,
      "comparisonPapers": 310,
      "journals": 7,
      "medianDifferenceDays": 1.0,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -28.75,
        36.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 48.4,
      "shareFasterWilsonCi95": [
        32.0,
        65.2
      ],
      "shareFasterClusterCi95": [
        33.3,
        65.4
      ],
      "decision": "No clear difference"
    }
  ],
  "publisherGroupsNotReported": 155,
  "sensitivities": [
    {
      "group": "Without Hindawi journals",
      "id": "S1",
      "retracted": 13651,
      "comparisonPapers": 131016,
      "journals": 1707,
      "medianDifferenceDays": -5.5,
      "medianDifferenceCi95": [
        -9.0,
        -2.5
      ],
      "shareFasterPct": 54.3,
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        0.971
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    },
    {
      "group": "Without the three publishers with the most retractions",
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    },
    {
      "group": "Only journal-years with 5 or more comparison papers",
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        -8.5
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    },
    {
      "group": "Without labelled supplements and special issues",
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    },
    {
      "group": "Without journals whose received date looks like a revision date",
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        -8.5
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        62.3
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    },
    {
      "group": "Only journals that also deposit a revised date",
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      "retracted": 12386,
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    },
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      "group": "Only papers published 2012 to 2019",
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      "decision": "No clear difference",
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        1.0
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  ],
  "inputs": {
    "cohort_frame_sha256": "07e12f2d639f16f06b4d01c8caec92a61a410108b9f730b9c230fc0253f19263",
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      "use": "Retracted-publication records, received and accepted dates, journal and year"
    },
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      "name": "Retraction Watch Database, via Crossref",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/crossref/retraction-watch-data",
      "use": "Retraction reasons"
    },
    {
      "name": "Crossref REST API",
      "url": "https://api.crossref.org",
      "use": "Publisher (Crossref member) for each DOI prefix"
    }
  ]
}