Nature Nanotechnology Submission Guide
A practical Nature Nanotechnology submission guide for authors deciding whether their nanoscale work has the breadth and significance Nature Nanotechnology expects.
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Quick answer: This Nature Nanotechnology submission guide is for authors evaluating whether their nanoscale work has the breadth and significance Springer Nature's Nature Portfolio title expects. Nature Nanotechnology is selective (~8-10% acceptance, 70-80% desk rejection).
The editorial bar is a nanoscale advance with implications across multiple nano-related communities, not just an application of nanotechnology to one specific problem.
If you're considering Nature Nanotechnology, the main risk is not formatting. It is over-claiming the application context, under-characterizing the nanoscale structure, or proposing work that's too specialized for the broad nano-community readership.
From our manuscript review practice
Of submissions we've reviewed for Nature Nanotechnology, the most consistent desk-rejection trigger is application over-claiming. Editors look for nanoscale advances first, with applications as supporting context. Papers framed as nanotechnology applications without a clear nanoscale advance are typically routed elsewhere.
Looking for Nature Nanotechnology citation metrics?
Our 35+ reviewer network has flagged, across Nature Nanotechnology submissions, that the editorial pre-screen ends most papers because the journal wants a nanoscience advance of broad importance, not an incremental nanomaterials result aimed at a high-impact venue. The work that survives makes a significance case beyond the specific system and supports it with rigorous characterization. Submit if your nano contribution is broadly important and rigorously characterized; think twice if it is incremental, where a strong specialized journal is the realistic home.
Use what is impact factor? if your main task is interpreting citation metrics. This guide mentions journal metrics only as context; its primary job is to decide whether the nanoscale advance, characterization, first figure, benchmarking, and Nature-portfolio positioning are ready for submission.
This guide tells you what Nature Nanotechnology editors look for before reviewer assignment, and Manusights checks whether your paper passes the nanoscale-first advance, cross-subfield breadth, characterization-resolution, first-figure, benchmarking, supplementary-methods, cover-letter, and Nature-portfolio routing checks that the official Nature Portfolio upload instructions cannot evaluate from a generic checklist. Paid Manusights reviews are covered by a 60-day money-back guarantee, and we never train on submitted manuscripts.
How this page was created
This page was researched from Nature Nanotechnology's author guidelines, the journal's content-type guidance, Springer Nature editorial-policy materials, Clarivate JCR data, and our pre-submission review work on pre-submission packages we've reviewed for Nature Nanotechnology and adjacent venues. Nature Nanotechnology's current presubmission-enquiry page says the journal does not accept presubmission enquiries, so the practical readiness question is whether the uploaded package itself makes the nanoscale-first case.
This page focuses on scope evaluation, package readiness, what editors screen for, and what should be true before upload. It does not cover review-time interpretation, impact-factor analysis, or formatting checklists, which belong on separate pages.
The failure pattern we observe most often is application over-claiming: papers that frame the nanoscale work as an enabler of an application (drug delivery, energy, sensing) without making the nanoscale advance itself the primary contribution.
Source limitations: Nature Nanotechnology publishes submission, content-type, presubmission, AIP, formatting, and production guidance. It does not publish manuscript-level desk-rejection reasons, so the risk patterns below are Manusights pre-submission observations mapped against public Nature Portfolio guidance and recent accepted-paper patterns.
Through our diagnostic review, we treat the title, abstract, cover letter, nanoscale characterization, first figure, supplementary methods, benchmarking table, and scope-routing argument as one Nature Nanotechnology-facing package rather than as separate upload tasks.
For a broader pre-upload check across nanoscale novelty, characterization, breadth, cover-letter framing, and figure readiness, use the Manusights AI manuscript review before you commit the Editorial Manager submission.
What are the Nature Nanotechnology journal metrics?
Metric | Value |
|---|---|
JIF | 34.9 on Nature Portfolio journal metrics |
5-Year JIF | 40.4 on Nature Portfolio journal metrics |
CiteScore | 62.4 |
Acceptance Rate | ~8-10% |
Desk Rejection Rate | ~70-80% |
First editorial decision | 11 days median in Nature Portfolio 2025 peer-review metrics |
Submission to acceptance | 222 days median for accepted papers |
APC (Open Access) | $11,690 (2026) |
Publisher | Springer Nature |
Source: Nature Portfolio journal metrics, Nature Nanotechnology editorial disclosures, and Nature Nanotechnology submission guidelines, accessed May 2026.
What are the Nature Nanotechnology submission requirements and timeline?
Requirement | Details |
|---|---|
Submission portal | Springer Nature Editorial Manager |
Article types | Article, Letter, Review, Perspective |
Letter length | Up to 4 pages, 30 references typical |
Article length | Up to 8 pages, 60 references typical |
Figures | 4-6 main figures typical |
Cover letter | Required; must establish nanoscale advance and broad relevance |
Suggested reviewers | 4+ recommended |
Presubmission enquiries | Listed in the Nature Nanotechnology submission-guidelines workflow |
First editorial decision | 11 days median in 2025 Nature Portfolio metrics |
Peer review duration | Formal peer review varies; accepted papers have a 222-day median submission-to-acceptance time |
Revision window | 3-6 months for major revisions |
Total to acceptance | 222 days median for accepted papers |
Source: Nature Nanotechnology author guidelines, Springer Nature.
What is the Nature Nanotechnology submission snapshot?
What to pressure-test | What should already be true before upload |
|---|---|
Nanoscale advance | The nanoscale contribution is the primary novelty, not application context. |
Characterization | Structure, composition, and property data complete at the relevant nanoscale level. |
Broad relevance | Advance matters across multiple nano-related communities, not just one specialist niche. |
Cover letter | Letter explains the nanoscale advance and why Nature Nanotechnology rather than Nature Materials, ACS Nano, or a specialty journal. |
First-figure clarity | Opening figure makes the nanoscale advance visible quickly. |
What should be ready before the Nature Nanotechnology portal upload?
Nature Nanotechnology sends authors from the submission-guidelines page to the Springer Nature online submission system at Nature Portfolio journal page. Before opening that upload, assemble the package as a completeness check, not as a formatting exercise:
- cover letter or editor-facing note that states the nanoscale advance before the application promise
- main manuscript file with title page, abstract, figures, methods, references, and acknowledgements
- competing-interest statement, funding statement, author-contribution statement, and ORCID details for the corresponding author
- data-availability statement and any code or materials availability notes needed to support the claims
- ethics approvals, consent statements, animal-use approvals, or biosafety details when relevant
- supplementary information with characterization methods, statistical reporting, raw measurement support, and extended controls
- suggested reviewers only where the portal requests them; do not use them to compensate for weak scope framing
What happens during the first Nature Nanotechnology editorial screen?
Use the public 11-day median first editorial decision as process context, not as a promise. The practical triage sequence usually looks like this:
Stage | Typical window | What is being checked | What to fix before upload |
|---|---|---|---|
Day 0 | Submission intake | Files, policies, author details, ORCID, and basic completeness | Do not submit with missing declarations, incomplete supplementary data, or unresolved author details. |
Days 1-3 | Administrative and scope screen | Whether the manuscript is a Nature Nanotechnology submission rather than a generic nanoscience paper | Make the nanoscale-first advance visible in the title, abstract, and first figure. |
Days 3-7 | In-house editorial read | Whether the advance is broad enough for multiple nano-related communities | Add the cross-subfield argument before submission, not only in the response letter later. |
Days 7-11 | Send-out, transfer, or reject decision | Whether peer review is likely to produce a serious Nature Portfolio decision | Route to Nature Materials, Nature Electronics, ACS Nano, Nano Letters, or a specialist venue if the scope case is narrow. |
How does Nature Nanotechnology compare with nearby nanoscience venues?
Decision factor | Nature Nanotechnology | Nature Materials | ACS Nano | Nano Letters |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary editorial question | Is the nanoscale advance itself broad and field-shaping? | Is the materials advance broad beyond one application? | Is the nanoscience advance functionally convincing and broadly useful? | Is the result timely, concise, and strong enough for letter format? |
Strong fit | Nanoscale mechanism, structure, or technique with cross-subfield implications | Materials principle with broad physics, chemistry, or engineering relevance | Nanomaterial or platform with rigorous characterization plus functional proof | Focused nanoscience result that does not need a long Article package |
Think twice if | The paper is mainly an application that uses nanostructures | The novelty is nano-specific rather than materials-general | The performance case is strong but the mechanism is still thin | The paper needs extensive methods, controls, or context to be persuasive |
This peer comparison matters because the wrong top-tier nano target can create a fast editorial redirect even when the underlying paper is strong.
What this page is for
Use this page when you are still deciding:
- whether the nanoscale advance is significant and broad enough for Nature Nanotechnology
- whether characterization is complete enough for the structural and property claims
- whether the application context is supporting (good) or load-bearing (problem)
- how to position a cover letter for Nature Nanotechnology vs. Nature Materials or ACS Nano
What should already be in the package
Before a credible Nature Nanotechnology submission goes into the system:
- a clear nanoscale advance: a new structure, property, fabrication route, or measurement technique at the nanoscale
- complete characterization at the nanoscale: high-resolution TEM/STEM, AFM, electron tomography, or appropriate atomic-resolution imaging
- property measurement that connects to the nanoscale advance, not just a downstream application
- demonstration of broad relevance: the nanoscale advance enables work in multiple application areas
- a cover letter that argues nanoscale-first significance
What failure patterns trigger early rejection?
- Application is the primary frame, nanoscale is the enabler. "We use [nanostructure] for [application]" without a clear nanoscale advance is routinely returned with the suggestion that the work fits a specialty journal better.
- Characterization gaps. A nanostructure paper without high-resolution imaging, a nanoelectronics paper without atomic-scale measurements, a nanofluidics paper without size-resolved transport data.
- Single-application focus. A nanostructure paper whose only demonstrated relevance is to one specific application (one drug, one cell type, one analyte). Nature Nanotechnology editors look for cross-application implications.
- Cover letter argues novelty without breadth. A new nanostructure isn't enough. Editors want to see how the structure enables advances across nanotechnology subfields.
- Performance benchmarking is missing. A new nano-device without comparison to state-of-the-art performance in similar nano-devices.
Readiness check
Run the scan against the requirements while they're in front of you.
See score, top issues, and journal-fit signals before you submit.
What makes Nature Nanotechnology a distinct target
Nature Nanotechnology is the broadest nanotechnology venue at the highest impact tier. The editorial standard is a nanoscale advance that has implications across multiple subfields.
Nano-first, application-second: the journal differentiates from Nature Materials (materials-first, applications can be diverse) and Nature Electronics (electronics-first) by demanding that the nanoscale property or behavior be the primary contribution.
The cross-subfield breadth standard: a nanostructure that enables advances in drug delivery + sensing + electronics is a stronger Nature Nanotechnology candidate than a nanostructure with deep impact in one subfield. The latter often fits Nature Materials or a specialty title better.
The 70-80% desk rejection rate: editors triage hard. Most papers don't survive the desk. The editorial screen is decisive.
The package needs:
- a nanoscale advance stated cleanly in the abstract's opening
- characterization that demonstrates the structural claim at atomic or near-atomic resolution
- property measurements that connect to the nanoscale advance directly
- evidence of cross-application or cross-subfield relevance
How should the Nature Nanotechnology article structure work?
Article type | Key requirements |
|---|---|
Letter | Up to 4 pages; high-impact, focused result; nanoscale advance clear in abstract |
Article | Up to 8 pages; comprehensive characterization; broader implications discussed |
Review | Typically commissioned; broad synthesis of a nanotechnology subfield |
Perspective | Argument-driven opinion piece on a nanoscale topic |
What should the Nature Nanotechnology editor-facing note prove?
The editor-facing note or cover letter must accomplish:
- state the nanoscale advance in one sentence
- explain why this advance matters across multiple nanotechnology subfields
- distinguish from Nature Materials, Nature Electronics, ACS Nano, or other adjacent venues
- avoid overstating application impact relative to the nanoscale advance
What should the figures prove on the first read?
The first figure should make the nanoscale advance immediately visible. The strongest opening figures combine high-resolution structural imaging (TEM, AFM, STM) with the property measurement that justifies why the structure matters. Figures that lead with application setups before establishing the nanoscale structure are weaker.
Before submitting to Nature Nanotechnology, a Nature Nanotechnology submission readiness check identifies whether the package meets the editorial bar before you commit to the submission.
How ready is the reporting and characterization package?
Nature Nanotechnology reviewers expect:
- structural characterization at appropriate nanoscale resolution (HR-TEM, STEM, AFM, electron tomography)
- compositional verification (EELS, EDS, XPS, atom probe where relevant)
- property measurement directly probing the nanoscale advance
- statistical reporting across multiple devices/structures (single-device data is weak)
- comparison to state-of-the-art performance in similar nano-systems
Papers missing one of these typically receive desk rejections or substantial first-round revision requests.
The practical submission checklist
Before upload:
- the nanoscale advance is in the abstract's opening sentence
- characterization includes atomic-resolution or near-atomic-resolution structural data
- property measurement directly probes the nanoscale advance
- benchmarking includes 2-3 literature comparisons
- the cover letter argues nanoscale-first breadth
Why do strong papers still fail at Nature Nanotechnology?
- the nanoscale advance is real but the application framing is dominant
- the work is excellent in one subfield but its cross-subfield relevance is unclear
- characterization is technically complete but underwhelming for atomic-scale claims
- the work would land better at Nature Materials, Nature Electronics, or ACS Nano
- the device-level performance is strong but the underlying nanoscale insight is incremental
How should you diagnose pre-submission problems?
Problem | Fix |
|---|---|
Application framing is dominant | Restructure the abstract and cover letter to lead with the nanoscale advance; if the nanoscale work is genuinely supporting, the better venue is a specialty journal |
Characterization gaps at nanoscale | Add the missing high-resolution imaging or atomic-scale measurement before submission; reviewers will request it and the cycle delay is worse |
Cross-subfield breadth is thin | Identify and discuss 2-3 application areas the nanoscale advance enables; if the breadth case is genuinely narrow, repropose to a specialty venue |
How Nature Nanotechnology compares against nearby alternatives
Venue | Best fit and caution |
|---|---|
Nature Nanotechnology | Nanoscale advance with cross-subfield relevance. Think twice if application framing is the primary claim. |
Nature Materials | Materials advance with broad significance. Think twice if the novelty is nano-first rather than materials-first. |
Nature Electronics | Electronic device advance. Think twice if the paper is non-electronic or primarily nanoscience. |
ACS Nano | Nano-research with applied focus. Think twice if the advance is broad enough for Nature Nanotechnology. |
Nano Letters | Time-sensitive nano-results in focused scope. Think twice if the paper needs comprehensive characterization beyond letter format. |
Submit If
- the nanoscale advance is the primary contribution
- characterization includes atomic-resolution or near-atomic-resolution structural data
- the advance enables work in multiple nanotechnology subfields
- property measurements directly probe the nanoscale advance
- benchmarking against state-of-the-art is included
Think Twice If
- the abstract leads with drug delivery, energy, sensing, or device application before naming the nanoscale mechanism
- Figure 1 is an application schematic, but the first structural evidence appears later in the manuscript
- the work is single-subfield and the introduction names only one application area or one specialist readership
- the methods section relies on low-resolution imaging while the claim depends on atomic or near-atomic structure
- the nanoscale advance is incremental relative to recent Nature Nanotechnology, Nature Materials, or ACS Nano coverage
What to read next
- Is Nature Nanotechnology a good journal?
Before upload, run your manuscript through a Nature Nanotechnology scope and breadth readiness check to confirm the nanoscale advance is the primary contribution and the cross-subfield case is strong.
Across our Nature Nanotechnology pre-submission reviews, the desk risks that recur
Across nanoscale-science manuscripts targeting Nature Nanotechnology, three recurring decision risks matter most across submissions that the journal's editors filter out at the desk-screen stage. (Per Nature Nanotechnology published submission policies, the journal applies a selective in-house scope-and-significance screen, and the editorial bar is "nanoscale advance with implications beyond a single technical community" rather than application of nanostructures to one specific problem.
In our experience, the recurring desk-screen issues are application over-claiming relative to the nanoscale advance, characterization gaps at the claimed resolution, and single-subfield framing without cross-subfield relevance.) Use the three checks below before you open Nature Portfolio journal page upload slot.
Application-framing dominance
Across Nature Nanotechnology-targeted manuscripts, we consistently see authors submit work where the abstract leads with the application context (we use this nanocrystal for biosensing, we use this 2D material for transistor, we use this nanowire for solar cell, we use this nanoparticle for drug delivery, we use this carbon nanotube for thermal management, we use this metasurface for photonic device, we use this MOF for gas separation, we use this DNA origami for diagnostics, we use this single-atom catalyst for electrocatalysis)
The nanoscale advance appears only as the means to the application result.
Nature Nanotechnology in-house editors apply the documented nanoscale-first test at desk: the abstract's first sentence must name a fundamental nanoscale-science advance (new nanostructure with new geometry / composition / topology / dimensionality, new nanoscale phenomenon, new size-dependent property regime, new self-assembly principle, new nanoscale-fabrication method, new nanoscale-characterization technique, new nanoscale-physics or nanoscale-chemistry mechanism, new nanoscale-biology phenomenon, new emergent property arising specifically at the nanoscale that does not appear at bulk or molecular scale);
the second sentence may name the supporting demonstration in an application; the cover letter must explicitly argue why the nanoscale advance has implications beyond a single technical community (cross-subfield breadth required, not single-subfield depth).
Manuscripts that read as "application paper using nanostructures" get redirected within 1-2 weeks to:
- ACS Nano (ACS broad nanoscience venue accepting more application-driven work)
- Nano Letters (ACS letter format)
- Small (Wiley high-IF nanoscience)
- Nanoscale (RSC nanoscience), npj 2D Materials and Applications (2D-specific)
- Nature Materials (when materials advance is broader than just nanoscale)
- Nature Electronics (when device application is the load-bearing element)
- Nature Photonics (when photonic application is the focus)
- Nature Biotechnology / Nature Biomedical Engineering (when biomedical application is the contribution)
- Nature Communications (broader scope, less stringent significance bar)
- Advanced Materials / Advanced Functional Materials (broader applied-materials with nanoscience), or specialty venues (Biomaterials
- ACS Sensors, etc.)
The fix is to either reframe the contribution as nanoscale-first (often requires restructuring the manuscript, not just rewriting the abstract) or route honestly to the appropriate specialty journal where application-driven nanoscience belongs.
Check whether your Nature Nanotechnology abstract leads with a nanoscale-first advance →
Characterization-resolution mismatch
We frequently see Nature Nanotechnology manuscripts make structural claims at the atomic or near-atomic scale: single-atom catalysts with named coordination geometry, 2D heterostructures with named atomic-stacking sequence, single-vacancy defect sites, twisted bilayers with named twist angle, edge-state geometry, single-nanowire junction interfaces, MOF pore-size and pore-window structures, DNA origami pixel-resolution structures, single-nucleotide-resolution biosensors, or atomically precise nanoclusters.
The risk is that the paper supports those claims only with low-resolution structural data: basic TEM without atomic resolution, basic SEM, X-ray diffraction with pattern but no Rietveld refinement, EELS or EDS without quantitative atomic-ratio analysis, or AFM at limited resolution.
Nature Nanotechnology reviewers specifically check whether structural claims at a given resolution are supported by characterization at that resolution:
- atomic-resolution claims require aberration-corrected STEM (HAADF / ABF / iDPC) with atomically-resolved imaging + atomic-column intensity analysis + EELS / EDS at atomic resolution
- for single-atom catalysts: XANES / EXAFS coordination-number analysis + HAADF-STEM single-atom visualization + DFT theoretical confirmation
- for 2D heterostructures: cross-sectional STEM with atomic-stacking visualization + diffraction analysis + Raman / PL spectroscopy with strain / interlayer-coupling fingerprints
- for nanocluster atomic structure: single-crystal X-ray crystallography with atomic-precision (CCDC deposition) + mass spectrometry with molecular-formula determination
- for nanoscale-electronics: scanning-probe-microscopy with atomic resolution + transport measurement with atomic-scale features resolved
- for biosensors at single-molecule resolution: single-molecule fluorescence + force measurement + statistical population analysis.
Manuscripts where the claimed-resolution structural data is missing face desk rejection or major revision regardless of how interesting the underlying science is. The fix is to acquire atomic-resolution characterization before submission (aberration-corrected microscopy at NIST / Oak Ridge / Berkeley / Argonne / EMPA / Lehrstuhl Müller user facilities, synchrotron XAS at named beamlines), match the characterization resolution to the structural claim, and include negative-result controls and quantitative analysis rather than qualitative imaging only.
Single-subfield-only relevance
The third recurring pattern in Nature Nanotechnology-targeted manuscripts is high-quality nanoscience work with deep impact in one subfield (nanomedicine: drug delivery / nanomedicine / theranostics; nanoelectronics: nanoscale transistors / interconnects / memory; nanophotonics: metasurfaces / photonic crystals / plasmonics; nanofluidics: nanopore sensing / nanoscale separations; single-molecule techniques: single-molecule fluorescence / force spectroscopy; nanocatalysis: single-atom / sub-nanometer cluster catalysis; nanomaterials: 2D materials / nanotubes / nanocrystals / MOFs) but framing that does not establish cross-subfield implications.
Nature Nanotechnology's editorial culture (rooted in the broad Nature-portfolio audience model) treats single-subfield framing as a venue-misfit even when the work is excellent within its subfield.
In-house editors specifically check whether the cover letter and abstract: argue cross-subfield implications explicitly (naming 2-3 nanoscience subfields where the advance informs other researchers' work, not just the one application area); position the work against the broader nanoscience literature (citing recent Nature Nanotechnology / Nature / Science papers from multiple nanoscience subfields rather than just the application's subfield literature); discuss design principles that transfer across nanoscience domains (new mechanism applicable to several nanostructure classes); and identify the broad nanoscience-research community (not just the application community) as the audience.
Manuscripts with single-subfield framing face redirect within 1-2 weeks to the appropriate Nature specialty journal where the deep subfield work is the editorial norm: Nature Biotechnology / Nature Biomedical Engineering for biomedical-nanoscience, Nature Electronics for nanoelectronics, Nature Photonics for nanophotonics, Nature Materials for materials-broader-than-nanoscale, npj 2D Materials and Applications for 2D specialty, npj Computational Materials for computational nano, npj Flexible Electronics for flexible-electronics nano, ACS Nano for broader nanoscience with applications focus, Nano Letters for letter-format nanoscience, Small for high-IF specialty nanoscience.
The fix is to build the cover letter around cross-subfield implications, cite at least 5 recent Nature Nanotechnology papers from different subfields in the introduction (showing engagement with the broad community), discuss transferable design principles in the conclusions, and explicitly name 2-3 nanoscience subfields where the advance creates new opportunities beyond the one demonstrated application.
Check whether your Nature Nanotechnology manuscript is submission-ready →
Nature Portfolio's own 2025 peer-review metrics place Nature Nanotechnology at an 11-day median to first editorial decision and a 222-day median from submission to acceptance for accepted papers. Treat those medians as process context, not as a guarantee for an individual manuscript.
Related submission guides
Use these nearby guides when the target journal is still uncertain:
What to verify against official guidance
Use official guidance for live requirements. For Nature Nanotechnology Submission Guide, the Manusights decision layer focuses on the manuscript-level fit, evidence, routing, and first-screen questions that public author instructions usually cannot answer for an individual draft.
Related next steps
Evidence basis
The Manusights editorial review for Nature Nanotechnology Submission Guide combines official guidance, adjacent Manusights cluster pages, and first-party pre-submission review patterns. They are used here to clarify manuscript-readiness decisions, not to replace publisher instructions.
Related status guide
Once a submission reaches the portal, the Nature Materials Under Consideration status guide interprets the holding period and what the label does and does not tell you.
Related manuscript-status resources
Frequently asked questions
Submit through the Springer Nature manuscript-tracking system. Nature Nanotechnology's submission-guidelines workflow includes presubmission enquiries. The cover letter should establish the nanoscale advance and explain why it matters across multiple nano-related communities, not just one. Articles, Letters, and Reviews are the main article types.
Nature Nanotechnology is highly selective. Nature Portfolio's 2025 metrics list an 11-day median to first editorial decision and a 222-day median from submission to acceptance for accepted papers. Use acceptance-rate estimates only as directional context, not as a substitute for fit assessment.
Articles and Letters reporting original nanoscale science with broad significance: nanomaterials, nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, nanofluidics, nanomedicine, single-molecule techniques. Reviews and Perspectives are also published. The common thread is a nanoscale advance with implications beyond a single technical community.
Most common reasons: nanoscale advance is real but too specialized for the broad nanotechnology audience, application context is over-claimed relative to the nanoscale work itself, characterization is incomplete for the size/structure claims, or the work would land better at Nature Materials, ACS Nano, or a specialty journal.
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